Pathology
Asmaa Tarek Kadhim Al-Hakak; Halah Basim Jawad Mohammed
Abstract
The current study aimed at assessing the factors that hinder early detection of breast cancer among women, and to identify the association between socio-demographic characteristics and women's knowledge about ways of early detection and causes for delay in seeking medical help.Methodology: A descriptive ...
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The current study aimed at assessing the factors that hinder early detection of breast cancer among women, and to identify the association between socio-demographic characteristics and women's knowledge about ways of early detection and causes for delay in seeking medical help.Methodology: A descriptive design/correlation study is used throughout the present study. A Non-Probability (Purposive Sample) of (150) women with third and more stages of breast cancer (advanced breast cancer) was selected. The data are collected through the utilization of the developed questionnaire by using an interview technique after the estimation of the validity and reliability of the study instrument.Results: the correlation between overall women's knowledge about ways of early detection and their demographic data, shows that overall women's knowledge has a significant positive correlation with each of age, family history of breast cancer, and level of education. The result also indicates that the correlation between causes for delay in seeking medical intervention and women demographic data. It shows that there is a significant positive correlation with each of residence and family history of breast cancer and most patients are delayed in seeking medicine because of lack of awareness and financial problems.Conclusion: The study concluded that the general assessment is moderate knowledge about early detection of breast cancer among women, and found a significant relationship between family history and residence with knowledge of patient while there is no correlation with other demographic data.
Microbiology
Yousif Sinan Taha Alhamadani; Aamir Sabr Oudah
Abstract
Background: The Aim of the study was to determine the sensitivity of different types of bacteria to 30 different types of antibiotics by using Kirby-Bauer Method.Methods: The study was conducted in December 2021 and January 2022, in Al-Samawah city. Where the study was conducted on 33 patients from both ...
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Background: The Aim of the study was to determine the sensitivity of different types of bacteria to 30 different types of antibiotics by using Kirby-Bauer Method.Methods: The study was conducted in December 2021 and January 2022, in Al-Samawah city. Where the study was conducted on 33 patients from both genders suffering from urinary tract infection, urine samples were collected using (First morning specimen), Where the chemical tests were carried out before the process of urine culturing by using petri dishes than bacterial species were isolated and their sensitivity to different antibiotics was determined.Results: Staphylococcus aureus showed sensitivity to different antibiotics where the most effective antibiotic were Imipenem (100%). E. coli showed sensitivity to Amikacin, Imipenem and Meropenem by (100%). For Proteus mirabilis the most effective antibiotics were Amikacin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Imipenem and Meropenem by (100%). For Streptococcus pyogenes the most effective antibiotics were Amikacin, Ciproflaxcine, Doxycycline, Imipenem, Meropenem, Norfloxacin, Rifampicin, Levofloxacin and Tetracycline (100%) and for Staphylococcus epidermidi were Cefepime, Norfloxacin, Nitrofurantoin, Piperacillin, Rifampicin, Gentamycin, Trimethoprim, Tobramycin and Levofloxacin (100%) and for Enterococcus faecalis were Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Imipenem, Rifampicin and Meropenem (100%).Conclusions: The current study shows Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli to be the most common pathogens in our study, with very high antibiotic sensitivities to Amikacin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Imipenem and Meropenem and according to the C&S results.
Biochemistry
Qusay Azeez Hasan; Sabrean Jawad; Emam Atiyah Ibadi; Aliaa Kareem Abdulla; Qassim A. Zigam; Hasanain Kamil Hasan Owadh
Abstract
In developed countries, the biggest factor leading to death is cigarette smok- ing, where smoking causes cancers, congestive heart diseases, pulmonary diseases, and other diseases. This study was conducted at Al-Mustaqbal University College - Hilla - Iraq, to evaluate the effect of smoking types on lipid ...
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In developed countries, the biggest factor leading to death is cigarette smok- ing, where smoking causes cancers, congestive heart diseases, pulmonary diseases, and other diseases. This study was conducted at Al-Mustaqbal University College - Hilla - Iraq, to evaluate the effect of smoking types on lipid profile (triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and iron. The study included 24 samples of males and the study targeted three groups: the control group (group 1= 7) without smoking, regular cigarette R.C (group 2= 8) smokers of regular cigarettes, and the last group 3 (elec- tron cigarette E.C) comprised of 9 samples (people who smoke electronic cigarettes). The samples studied were of a similar age group ranging from 19 to 30 years. The levels of triglycerides and cholesterol were observed to increase in group 2 compared to the control group. The level of HDL increased in group R.C. by comparing it with the control group, while the iron level increased in group E.C. in comparison to both the groups (control and R.C).The results showed that the use of electronic cigarettes E.C. was less severe than regular cigarettes R.C., while both had high marks compared to the control group.
Biochemistry
Abdullah Mohammed Abdulkarim; Khalid Farouk Abdul Ghafour; Rafal Mustafa Murshid
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to learn more about Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and the connection between body fat percentage and hormonal imbalance.Subjects and methods The Control (N = 60) and PCOS (N = 90) groups comprised inactive women. Single-use needles were used in the (10 ml) blood collection ...
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Objective This study aimed to learn more about Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and the connection between body fat percentage and hormonal imbalance.Subjects and methods The Control (N = 60) and PCOS (N = 90) groups comprised inactive women. Single-use needles were used in the (10 ml) blood collection process. Venous blood was collected from the females approaching consulting clinic at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Women and Children in Anbar, Iraq, from February 2022 to July 2022. The PCOS group was segregated into three subgroups (25–30%, 30–35%, and 35–40%) based on body fat percentage. In addition to tests of follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone(LH), and anti-Mullerian hormone(AMH), the approach also included measurements of body fat in- dex, neck circumference, waist-hip ratio, and Body fat percentage.Results The mean ±SD of LH level in serum in the subgroups of PCOS patients (25%-30%, 30%-35%, 35%- 40%) and control group was (47.30±7.76, 62.04±7.78, 61.65±7.73) and (19.83±3.79) respectively. While the mean±SD of AMH level in serum in the subgroups of PCOS patients (25%-30%, 30%-35%, 35%- 40%) and control group was (989.86±196.35, 1140.69±208.44, 1125.22±217.87) and (599.13±171.23) respectively. The mean± SD of LH level in serum in the subgroups of PCOS patients (25%-30%, 30%-35%, 35%-40%) and control group was (20.54±3.65,21.88±3.17 and 21.67±3.64 ) and (35.31±3.73) respectively at P≤0.05.Conclusion Our results show that PCOS and body fat percentage di- rectly impact FSH, LH, and AMH concentrations, as well as anthropomet- ric measurements.
Biochemistry
Ajil A. Alzamily; Waleed M. Jifeel
Abstract
Background: knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a complex disease that causes metabolic, structural, biochemical, and functional alterations in afflicted tissues. Physical examination and radiological findings are the present methods for the diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. Traditionally, KOA medication focused ...
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Background: knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a complex disease that causes metabolic, structural, biochemical, and functional alterations in afflicted tissues. Physical examination and radiological findings are the present methods for the diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis. Traditionally, KOA medication focused on symptom management. Clinical trials focused on delaying or reversing disease development have gained popularity in recent years. PRP is among the medicinal approaches used to manage KOA.Purpose: By assessing the cartilage degradation marker collagen-II, the study's aim was to figure out whether the use of pure-PRP may help KOA patients' damaged cartilage layers regenerate.Methods: This non-randomized controlled trial study involved 66 patients with knee OA and 28 healthy control subjects from December 2021 to February 2022. There were 2 categories of knee OA patients: 34 with moderate (grade-3) and 32 with mild (grade-2) KOA. So, every group of KOA patients is divided into three subgroups based to the frequency of injections (single, double, or triple) in addition to severity. Based on clinical and radiological data using the Kellgren-Lawence (KL) 0–4 grading system, the patients' diagnoses and classifications are made. This study was designed at AL-Imam Ali hospital, Babylon governorate, Iraq and approved by the medical human research ethics committee at Al-Qadisiyah university/ collage of medicine.Results: The findings of this investigation show that the serum collagen type-II content was considerably greater in KOA patients were compared to control subjects, and in moderate compared to mild KOA as the severity of the disease progressed. But following pure-PRP injection, the serum level of collagen type-II did not significantly decrease, and increasing the number of injections had no better effect.Conclusions: PRP therapy was generally acceptable for patients in terms of improving symptoms and there were no complications following injection. However, there is insufficient indication that platelet rich plasma regenerates cartilage damage in knee OA patients, as there was no significant decrease in the amount of collagen type-II.
Immunology
Hadeel Abdulhadi Omear
Abstract
Background Obesity is an abnormal amount of fats in the body that can result from several factors majorly including environmental and genetic fac- tors. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased tremendously in the last three decades and is now considered a global epidemic. Despite the negative ...
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Background Obesity is an abnormal amount of fats in the body that can result from several factors majorly including environmental and genetic fac- tors. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased tremendously in the last three decades and is now considered a global epidemic. Despite the negative impacts of obesity on human health and its majorly associated risk factors such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancers, no effective strategies have been employed to bring down its rate which can reach an alarming level in the next few years.Objective Previously, various studies have reported the high serum concentrations of two cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in obese patients. These genes (TNF-α and IL-6) are released from the adipose tissues stimulated by obesity. Considering their pivotal association with obesity, this study has been designed to investigate the relationship between SNPs of TNF-α and IL-6 and their high serum lev- els in obesity.Results Here, we utilized R language to perform statistical analyses such as correlation, normality testing, ROC, and regression analysis on serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 between obese and control groups. Furthermore, the frequencies of clinical data and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium tests for allele and the genotypes analysis of the cytokines were performed.
Conclusion The results of this study indicate that serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly correlated with obesity SNPs.
Genetics
Halah Basim Jawad Mohammed; Asmaa Tarek Kadhim Al-Hakak
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder related to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. The current study aims to identify the risk factors associated with epilepsy among children related to mothers. Methodology: A descriptive case-control study was adopted to achieve the stated ...
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Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder related to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. The current study aims to identify the risk factors associated with epilepsy among children related to mothers. Methodology: A descriptive case-control study was adopted to achieve the stated objectives. An analytic case-control study, Non-Probability (a Purposive Sample) of (100) women of Children with epilepsy as the case group, and (100) women of healthy children without epilepsy as a control group. The reliability of the instrument is determined using Cronbach Alpha, and the Validity of questionnaires was determined through a panel of experts. The data are analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study has shown that residency, mother exposure to domestic violence during pregnancy, mother exposure to an accident during pregnancy, and prolonged labor are significantly associated with epilepsy occurrence (the Odds ratio more than 1), so these factors are more likely to be risk factors associated with epilepsy occurrence. Conclusion: The study concludes that among the risk factors associated with epilepsy for the present study were residency, exposure to domestic violence, exposure to the accident (car accident, trauma, fall), and prolonged labor.
Biochemistry
Hossam Shalman Hammadi; Abdulsamie Hassan Alta'ee; Ban Amir Musa
Abstract
Background The peptide hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) both work on osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and osteo- clasts (bone-resorbing cells) to regulate calcium homeostasis.
Aims of the study This study aimed to evaluate the changes in serum levels of parathyroid hormone and ...
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Background The peptide hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) both work on osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and osteo- clasts (bone-resorbing cells) to regulate calcium homeostasis.
Aims of the study This study aimed to evaluate the changes in serum levels of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Babylon Governorate, Iraq.
Materials and methods This study designs as a case-control study performed on pregnant women who attended Women’s and Children’s Hos- pital in Hilla and Shomali General Hospital in Babylon Governorate. Forty pregnant women with a range age (18-40 years) and 50 healthy subjects with non-pregnant women with range age (18-40 years) visited the hos- pital for routine check-ups without any history of chronic diseases, acute illness and infection. The biochemical parameters were determined by the sandwich ELISA technique.
Results The results show a significant increase in levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CAL) in pregnant as compared with the non-pregnant group (277.7 ± 47.87 ng/mL),( 72.58 ± 12.76 ng/mL) and (21.89 ± 4.412 ng/mL), ( 9.65 ± 1.921 ng/mL) respectively. The significant difference (p-value < 0.0001).Conclusion In conclusion, the present study finds that pregnant women experience significant hormonal changes in PTH and CT, which indicates the necessity of diagnosing these changes and treating them for the success of this pregnancy.
Microbiology
Tomy .A.D; Tai Chy
Abstract
Since July 2020, or around six months after the outbreak of the new coronavirus infection in 2019, no one has been able to explain why people with HIV (PLWH) are negatively affected (COVID-19). COVID-19 vulnerability appears to be the same in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals, however, results ...
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Since July 2020, or around six months after the outbreak of the new coronavirus infection in 2019, no one has been able to explain why people with HIV (PLWH) are negatively affected (COVID-19). COVID-19 vulnerability appears to be the same in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals, however, results may be inconsistent. Some of the misunderstandings are due to the lack of data and the novelty of COVID-19, while others are due to the ambiguity of the question "when?" It has the means to make HIV a "risk factor" for the development of COVID-19.
Microbiology
Ahmed Kareem AL-Eqabi; Buthainah Abbas Al-Azzawi
Abstract
Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a dangerous cardiovascular illness that has a significant impact on people's health. Several biomarkers, including Myoglobin and troponin I (cTnI) were utilized to diagnose AMI in recent decades. The Troponin I (cTnI) was designated as the "gold standard" ...
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Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a dangerous cardiovascular illness that has a significant impact on people's health. Several biomarkers, including Myoglobin and troponin I (cTnI) were utilized to diagnose AMI in recent decades. The Troponin I (cTnI) was designated as the "gold standard" cardiac biomarker for the prediction of cardiomyopathy. It's a heart muscle regulating protein found on normal myocyte actin filaments. When cardiac muscles are injured, cTnI, one of the main subunits of the cardiac troponin complex, is released into the circulation (e.g., myocardial infarction). Myoglobin denoted by (symbols Mb and MB) seems to be an iron- and o2-binding protein present in the vertebrate heart and skeletal muscle tissues and, more specifically, nearly all mammals. In humans, MB is only present in the bloodstream following muscle damage. Its primary function is to supply myocytes with oxygen. Also essential to nitric oxide hemostasis was myoglobin. Additionally, it facilitates the detoxification of response oxygen molecules from the body. MB is accountable for most vertebrate muscles' red hue.The aim: To assess the difference in the level of (MYOGLOBIN and TROPONIN_I) between patients with and without mRNA Vaccination.Methods: This study included 125 patients (65 male and 60 female) with vaccinated and non-vaccinated covid-19 with an age range of 20–69 years. These patients are divided into two main groups: 1. vaccinated (vaccinated with COVID-19 infection, vaccinated without COVID-19 disease, vaccinated recovered from the CoV-19 virus),2. unvaccinated (infected with the CoV-19 virus and non-vaccinated, recovered from covid-19 and unvaccinated). The outcome is measured using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. This study was conducted during the period from November 2021 to May 2022 at the Martyr Dr. Fairouz General Hospital, Wasit governorate, Iraq.Results: Estimation of serum Troponin I and Myoglobin concentration showed that concentrations of Troponin I and Myoglobin were significantly higher (P<0.0001) in individuals infected with CoV-19 virus and unvaccinated higher than vaccinated with CoV-19 disease indicating the impact of the vaccine on the increment of both markers. However, the level of each marker was substantially higher (P<0.0001) in vaccinated with CoV-19 infection more than vaccinated without or recovered from COVID-19 illness.Conclusions: The use of mRNA CoV-19 vaccination significantly modulate the increment of Troponin I and Myoglobin and improves the cardiac symptomatology in patients with CoV-19 infection.
Toxicology
Noor Kamil Abd Alameer; Haider Abd Jabbar Alammar
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) is a complex polygenic, au- toimmune inflammatory disease. It was disturbing that almost 1-2% of people depended on that geographic spreading worldwide. R.A. can result from the interaction of genetic, environmental, and autoimmunity. It is characterized by non-organ-specific ...
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Background Rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) is a complex polygenic, au- toimmune inflammatory disease. It was disturbing that almost 1-2% of people depended on that geographic spreading worldwide. R.A. can result from the interaction of genetic, environmental, and autoimmunity. It is characterized by non-organ-specific self-reactive antibody production and chronic synovitis leading to the damage of cartilage and bone. Objectives To evaluate the sera of trace elements and oxidative stress levels in patients detected with chronic rheumatoid arthritis. Determination of some trace elements such as copper, zinc, and iron in the sera of patients.Patients and Method A case-control study was done on the Iraqi population from Al-Najaf, an Iraqi city. Blood samples were collected from 135 volunteers from September 2021 to February 2022 from Al-Sadder Medical City (Al-Najaf). The 180 volunteers in our study were divided into two groups patient group consisting of 90 individuals ages range: (20–70 years), male and female, and a control group consisting of 45 individuals. Blood was drawn from the patients to measure the copper, zinc, and iron concentration level using the Colorimetric method technique.Results The average zinc concentration was lower in the patient’s group than in the reference category. The average copper concentration was more significant in the patient’s group than in the reference category. In addi- tion, the average Zn/Cu ratio was lower in the patient’s group compared to the reference category. There was no statistical variation in average serum iron between patients and the reference category. However, the average Zn/Fe ratio was lower in the patient’s group compared to the reference category control group.Conclusion Lower levels of zinc and a higher level of copper suggest a role for those trace elements on that pathogen of R.A.
Toxicology
Michael P Doyle; M. Anthony McKervey
Abstract
Background: Congenital heart defect is the second cause of death in infancy and childhood and is the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Congenital heart surgery corrects a heart defect that a child is born with it. Aim: This study aimed at evaluating the effect of discharge plans ...
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Background: Congenital heart defect is the second cause of death in infancy and childhood and is the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Congenital heart surgery corrects a heart defect that a child is born with it. Aim: This study aimed at evaluating the effect of discharge plans for mothers and their children undergoing congenital heart surgery. setting: this study was conducted at the outpatient clinic of Cardio Vascular and Thoracic Academy Ain Shams University Hospitals. Sample: 70 mothers and their children undergoing congenital heart surgery were included in this study.Tools of data collection: two different tools were used. First tool: consists of interviewing questionnaire to asssocio-demographic his characteristics of mothers and their children, knowledge, reported practices of mothers for their children undergoing congenital heart surgery, Second tool: Assessment of child health status. Result: revealed that 81.4% of the studied mothers achieved poor knowledge scores in the pre-implementation phase, it improved to 92.9% of them achieved well in the post-implementation phase. Only 18.6% & 7.1% of them achieved average in both the pre-and post-implementation phase respectively and 91.4% of the study sample's total mothers’ practice was unsatisfactory in the pre-implementation phase, but 97.1% of them were satisfactory in the post-implementation phase.Conclusion: there was a strong statistically significant correlation between the mother's total knowledge and total reported practices score on the post-test (P<0.00**).Recommendation: Comprehensive, multidisciplinary discharge planning should design early and should include the mothers and children contain education regarding congenital heart surgery care.
Microbiology
Aqeel Abbas kareem; Ali Hadi Sabhan
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) on the serum level of prostatespecific antigen.Background: Prostatitis is an inflammation of prostate gland ; several kinds chronic (nonbacterial) prostatitis and sever(chronic) bacterial ...
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) on the serum level of prostatespecific antigen.Background: Prostatitis is an inflammation of prostate gland ; several kinds chronic (nonbacterial) prostatitis and sever(chronic) bacterial prostatitis, pelvic pain syndrome. Glycated Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has been widely recognized as a biomarker predictor for the severity of Diabetes Mellitus(DM). Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a pivotal biomarker reflecting both fasting and postprandial plasma glucose concentration over the preceding 120 days. Increasing epidemiologic evidence suggests that diabetes and associated hyperglycemia andinsulin resistance significantly increase the risks of BPH and LUTS.Method: A total of 175 blood samples were tested for Glycated hemoglobin with high R.B. Sugar and PSA level.(HbA1c )might have been quantified by (I Chroma 11 and ELISA).Results: One Hundred Seventy Five patients aged( 22 – 70 ± 10 years) with Type 2 DM, were studied who have signs of prostatitis inflammation ,100 under study and 75 control group.Conclusion: A significant association between poor glycemiccontrol and high PSA level of prostatitis among diabetic patientsunderstudy.
Biochemistry
Haider Ali Laibi; Abdulkareem M. Jewad; Mohammed Mahdi Salih
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease CKD cause different GFR declines (AKI). A gradual, irreversible decline in GFR is a CKD symptom. Diseases impair the kidneys’ ability to concentrate or dilute tubular filtrate, eliminate nitrogenous waste, and maintain acid-base balance. ...
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Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease CKD cause different GFR declines (AKI). A gradual, irreversible decline in GFR is a CKD symptom. Diseases impair the kidneys’ ability to concentrate or dilute tubular filtrate, eliminate nitrogenous waste, and maintain acid-base balance. Acute kidney failure (AKF) is a sudden, reversible renal function loss requiring RRT. Chronic kid- ney disease has a 13.4% global prevalence and 1.2 million annual deaths.The Aim Serum creatinine, urea, potassium, chloride, calcium, sodium, and serum uric acid in CKD patients and healthy controls, and how these indicators vary with CKD development.Determination of some trace elements such as copper, zinc, and iron in the sera of patients.Materials and Methods The study included (30 healthy participants) and (60) patients with CKD (control). The participants in this study were people who traveled to Basrah Teaching Hospital aged 25 to 65. From Octo- ber 2020 to February 2021, specialized physicians examined each participant in this study at Basrah Teaching Hospital. Serum potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, urea, uric acid, and serum creatinine were measured using kits.Results The current study results have shown a signif- icant increase (P < 0.01) in the following biomarkers in CKD patients: serum creatinine, urea, phosphorus, chlo- ride, uric acid, and Cystatin-C. The results also showed a significant decrease in levels following biomarkers in CKD patients: serum calcium and sodium.Conclusion Chronic renal disease raises serum creati- nine, urea, potassium, chloride, and uric acid. Chronic renal disease patients had lower calcium and sodium levels.
Immunology
Maryam Saad Ali; Buthainah Al-Azzawi
Abstract
Background Coronavirus is the new millennium’s pandemic, with widespread consequences that include pneumonia and systemic contagion, as well as various clinical diagnoses affecting the endocrine system. Objectives To investigate the impact of covid-19 infection on thyroid stability ...
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Background Coronavirus is the new millennium’s pandemic, with widespread consequences that include pneumonia and systemic contagion, as well as various clinical diagnoses affecting the endocrine system. Objectives To investigate the impact of covid-19 infection on thyroid stability and disease through measuring some biochemical marker that are related to thyroid.• Determine the level of inflammatory marker such as IL-6 and INF- γ Patients & Methods Eighty patients were involved in this case control cohort study all of them attended the isolation wards at Marjan Teaching Hospital in the province of Babylon- Iraq, from September 2021 to February 2022. The group of patients was divided into forty participants were apparently healthy individual without history of any diseases and with negative PCR results. The rest of the participants include: First group forty patients tested positive for Covid-19 infection with no history of thyroid disorder. Following those patients blood sample were collected at different time incident 5th ,10th ,15th and 25 day after diagnosis. Second group after following the patient for 2nd month five of them have symptoms of thyroid disease and after investigation it was confirmed to have thyroid problems. Blood was drawn from the patients for measurement the level of IL-6 and INF- γ concentration using ELISA technique. Results Our analysis of 80 Covid-19 patients and control , it was confirmed IL-6 and INF- γ were significant increase than control group and second. Conclusion In this cohort research of patients infected with Covid-19 infection, both IL-6 and INF- were shown to be significantly higher than in the control and second groups.
Microbiology
Meaad Falah Fadhil; Buthainah Al-Azzawi
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a national pandemic for more than 2 years, and it continues to have an unimaginable impact on our way of life and quality of life. It is critical to gain a deeper understanding of how immunity is regulated in response ...
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Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a national pandemic for more than 2 years, and it continues to have an unimaginable impact on our way of life and quality of life. It is critical to gain a deeper understanding of how immunity is regulated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The C-reactive.protein.(CRP) was the first acute phase protein to be identified, and it serves as a highly sensitive systemic indication of tissue damage, infection, as well as inflammation. Smooth muscle cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and adipocytes are all involved in the production of this protein. Interleukin.10.(IL-10), commonly described as human. cytokine.synthesis.inhibitory.factor (CSIF). The IL-10 gene in humans produces interleukin 10, a pleiotropic cytokine with strong anti-inflammatory as well as immunosuppressive activities.The Aim the aim of this study is to evaluate the vaccine effectiveness using diagnostic biochemical markers.Material and method this study included 125 patients (56 males and 69 females) with vaccinated and non-vaccinated COVID-19 with an age range of 20–70 years. These patients are divided into two main groups: 1. vaccinated (vaccinated with COVID-19 infection, vaccinated without COVID-19 disease, vaccinated recoveredfrom the CoV-19 virus), 2. Unvaccinated (infected with the CoV-19 virus and non-vaccinated, recovered from COVID-19 and unvaccinated). The outcome is measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. This study was conducted during the period from November 2021 to May 2022 at Al-Shifaa medical center and the vaccine unit at Al-Diwaniyah Educational Hospital, Diwaniyah governorate, Iraq.Results The results showed an increase in CRP level for the vaccinated groups was significantly higher (P<0.0001) in group G2 (vaccinated with COVID) more than in G1 (vaccinated without COVID) and G3 (vaccinated recovered COVID). For non-vaccinated groups, it was significantly higher (P<0.01) in group G4 (no vaccine with COVID) more than in group G5 (no vaccine recovered COVID). The results also showed that the IL-10 in the 2nd and 4th weeks after vaccination had a higher level in G1 (vaccinated without COVID) and G2 (vaccinated with COVID) than in any other time incident. For G4 (no vaccine with COVID) showed that a significant increase was noticed in the 2nd week after diagnosis more than other time incidents. While G3 (vaccinated recovered COVID), G5 (no vaccine recovered COVID) showed that no significant increase was noticed among the different time incidents.Conclusion the use of mRNA for CoV-19 vaccination significantly modulates the increment of C-reactive protein and interleukin-10 and improves the immune response in patients with COVID-19 infection.
Microbiology
Shahbaa M. Al-khazraji; Madeha H. Hossain; Ali S. Hassoon
Abstract
The methalonic and equeous extracts of ginger were employed in this investigation for antibacterial activity against both gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus). Agar disk diffusion was used to assess growth inhibition. The two extracts had clear antibacterial action ...
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The methalonic and equeous extracts of ginger were employed in this investigation for antibacterial activity against both gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus). Agar disk diffusion was used to assess growth inhibition. The two extracts had clear antibacterial action against the microorganisms tested. In the growth of tested bacteria, the methalonic extract outperformed the equeous extract. The maximum zone of inhibition of methalonic extract in the development of S. aureus (16 mm) and the lowest zone of inhibition in the growth of E. coli (13 mm). The impact of equeous extract on the growth of two bacteria ranged between 10 mm in E. coli and 14 mm in S. aureus. Two extracts' antibacterial activity was compared to that of Gentamicin, a popular antibiotic (20 mm).
Microbiology
Raghad Khalil Alarkwazi; Gasaq Reaihd Abdulreda; Ali Salam Ali
Abstract
Background: The mint and basil plants (M. spicata L. and O. basilicum L.) of the labiate family were used in the study. Methods: A qualitative chemical detection regarding several active chemicals in the leaves of M. spicata L. and O. basilicum L. was part of the investigation. Results: ...
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Background: The mint and basil plants (M. spicata L. and O. basilicum L.) of the labiate family were used in the study. Methods: A qualitative chemical detection regarding several active chemicals in the leaves of M. spicata L. and O. basilicum L. was part of the investigation. Results: The findings revealed that both species include flavonoids and glycosides, yet tannins and saponins were not found in the leaves extract of O. basilicum, and volatile oils were found in the alcoholic extract at a rate of 4.5% in the leaves of O. basilicum. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) was used to detect six chemical active groups include (O-H, C=H, C=C, C=N, C-O, C-N). Our findings revealed the presence of alkaloid; the extraction yield for volatile oils in M. spicata species is 3%. As for the presence of nutrients in the type, the highest percentage of Calcium is in species O. basilicum. Conclusions: The presence of effective chemical compounds in O. basilicum and M. spicata leaves indicates its importance as a source of useful drugs and the importance of chemical components in the pharmaceutical industries, as well as enhancing the importance of its use in folk medicine as a safe treatment for many diseases.
Pharmacology
Ali Jihad Hemid Al-Athari
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess the correlation of natriuretic neuropeptides (NT-ProANP) with the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients with acute myocardial (AMI).Materials and Methods This case-control study composed of 120 pa- tients was recruited from the cardiac center in Babylon, ...
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Background This study aimed to assess the correlation of natriuretic neuropeptides (NT-ProANP) with the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients with acute myocardial (AMI).Materials and Methods This case-control study composed of 120 pa- tients was recruited from the cardiac center in Babylon, Iraq. The plasma levels of NT-ProANP and echocardiographic measure of the left ventricle ejection fraction percentage (LVEF%) for both patients and controls as well as demographic data were taken.Results The mean ages were 61.9 ± 13.2 and 33.1 ± 8.3 years for pa- tients and control, respectively, 80.8% of the candidates were male. The differences in NT-ProANP serum levels between AMI patients and con- trols were highly significant p-0.001. There was a good diagnostic ability of NT-ProANP to predict patients with AMI from the healthy subjects by ROC-curve analysis: AUC=0.957, sensitivity=0.961, specificity=0.962, 95%CI=0.927 – 0.987, and p>0.05. Whereas, there was a poor diagnostic performance of NT-ProANP to predict LVEF%: AUC=0.438, sensitiv- ity=0.438, specificity=0.519, 95%CI=0.285 – 0.598, and p>0.05. Serum concentrations of NT-ProANP showed no significant correlation with the measures of left ventricular EF%, age, and BMI among AMI patients. The serum levels of NT-ProANP revealed no significant variations between AMI patients with low and those with preserved LV functionsConclusion The study suggests that the measurement of NT-ProANP was not correlated to LVEF%, although its levels were significantly higher among patients with AMI compared to the healthy controls.
Microbiology
Ahmed Sami Salman
Abstract
Introduction many searchers studies properties of Onion extract and garlic extract,but they do not study infusion effect of garlic and onion against bacteria.The Aim to know antibacterial activity of Onion‘s Infusion and Garlic‘s Infusion.Methodology searcher prepared garlic infusion ...
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Introduction many searchers studies properties of Onion extract and garlic extract,but they do not study infusion effect of garlic and onion against bacteria.The Aim to know antibacterial activity of Onion‘s Infusion and Garlic‘s Infusion.Methodology searcher prepared garlic infusion for many periods, and onion infusion for many periods also, and study antibacterial activity against Escherichia Coli Isolated from Urine Samples.Results : thirty urine samples were collected to detect the presence of E. coli and the study found that (26) samples contained Escherichia Coli bacteria at a rate of (86.66%) through phenotypic and microscopic diagnosis and then diagnosed with Vitek, infusion garlic and onion separately for different periods of time and with different concentrations, and it was found that the highest concentration of 100ppt was more effective on inhibiting the growth of bacteria, the study also tested the synergistic and antagonistic activity of both infusions on the inhibition of bacterial growth.Conclusion The activity of preventing the growth of bacteria was enhanced by prolonging the infusion of garlic oronions. Additionally, neither a synergistic nor an inhibitory effect is related to concentration changes.
Epidemiology
Zainab Hamed Abdel-Hussein; Fatima Wanas Khdair; Ali A. Al-fahhan
Abstract
Background: Fatigue is a condition characterized by a subjective feeling of a decrease in energy, and it has both physical and psychological aspects. Many authors have pointed out the overlap between fatigue and depression.Methods: A Descriptive correlational Design is used to study the ...
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Background: Fatigue is a condition characterized by a subjective feeling of a decrease in energy, and it has both physical and psychological aspects. Many authors have pointed out the overlap between fatigue and depression.Methods: A Descriptive correlational Design is used to study the relationships between the variables and how such relationships are analyzed to assess the research objectives. The study is conducted throughout the period of October 20 th 2021 to 15st June 2022. A Non-Probability (Purposive Sample) of (250) cancer patients, those who visited Al-Euphrates Cancer Hospital/ Al-Najaf/Chemotherapy and hormonal ,Radiation ,Surgery for treatment or follow up or both, are included in the study sample.The data are collected through the utilizationof the developed questionnaire by using an interview technique after the estimation of the validity and reliability of the study instrument.Result: the overall assessment was (high) for the domains (physical fatigue) and (moderate) for the domain (mental fatigue). The overall assessment of fatigue is also (moderate). In addition, other variables were studied and the study found a significant relationship between educational level, the monthly income/IQ, occupation, residence, cancer type on the patient’s fatigue. Conclusion: Overall the patients with cancer exhibiteda high percentage of physical fatigue and a moderate percentage of mental fatigue. In addition, other variables were studied and the study found a significant relationship between educational level, the monthly income/IQ, occupation, residence, cancer type on the patient’s fatigue.
Biochemistry
Ali Adeeb Hussein Ali
Abstract
Background Toxic elements are inorganic substances that do not have a physiological or functional role within the human body. Most metabolic processes are disrupted due to their accumulation through prolonged expo- sure to them from the environment. Toxic elements make up an extensive and very toxicologically ...
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Background Toxic elements are inorganic substances that do not have a physiological or functional role within the human body. Most metabolic processes are disrupted due to their accumulation through prolonged expo- sure to them from the environment. Toxic elements make up an extensive and very toxicologically dangerous group of substances. Usually, four el- ements are considered: Hg (mercury), Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), and As (arsenic).Results Exposure to methylmercury has been associated with widespread neurological injury and diffuse encephalopathy. However, selec- tivity has been noted. The substance is toxic to some groups of nerve cells over others. Clinical signs of acute mercury exposure include Headache, nausea, and tremors. After chronic exposure, the onset of peripheral neu- ropathies has been described.Conclusion The accumulation of toxic heavy elements in general and cadmium, mercury, and lead (Pd) in particular leads to an imbalance in the metabolic processes and results in fat accumulation in the body. Thus, it causes obesity.
Virology
Yousif Alhamadani; Rima Hassan
Abstract
The object of study was conducted on 30 patients from three different geographical areas of Al-Muthanna Governorate, Samawah city, Al-Rumaitha district, and Al-Khader. The study was conducted on 30 patients, 18 females and 12 males. Ages ranges were between 20 – 75 years old. ...
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The object of study was conducted on 30 patients from three different geographical areas of Al-Muthanna Governorate, Samawah city, Al-Rumaitha district, and Al-Khader. The study was conducted on 30 patients, 18 females and 12 males. Ages ranges were between 20 – 75 years old. The aim of study was determination tissue damage levels in the respiratory system in patients with COVID-19. The study showed that females are more susceptible to get COVID-19 than males Percentage of females was 60%. the percentage of tissue damage in the tissues of the respiratory system wide range between 2 - 80% Percentage of damage at the site of the lungs and main bronchi which is the most, was 55%. As for the ages of the patients, the study showed that the ages older than 60 years old 43.3% from total patients they are the ones most susceptible to infection. Relative to the rate of tissue damage in the respiratory system for patients older than 60 years old was 64.7%, it is the highest percentage of tissue damage in relation to other ages.
Immunology
Zainab R. Alqaseer; Ajil A. Alzamily; Ihsan A. alsalman
Abstract
Background: Having lower back discomfort is common. Back ten- sion may cause sciatica. Low back, or lumbar region, begins below the ribs. Most people will have low back discomfort. Disk damage, struc- tural issues, and atherosclerosis also contribute. Rest, physical ther- apy, and medicine relieve pain. ...
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Background: Having lower back discomfort is common. Back ten- sion may cause sciatica. Low back, or lumbar region, begins below the ribs. Most people will have low back discomfort. Disk damage, struc- tural issues, and atherosclerosis also contribute. Rest, physical ther- apy, and medicine relieve pain. Weight management and exercise re- duce low back pain risk. Epidural steroids alleviate leg and back pain (ESIs). Their extensive history makes them a good nonsurgical sciat- ica and back pain treatment. ESI may relieve radiculopathy.Human interleukin-18 (IL18) is an interferon-gamma-inducing factor. Gene generates inflammatory cytokine.
The Aim: The study was aimed at the effect of epidural steroid in- jection on the concentrations of IL-18 in patients with LBP.
Materials and Methods: Serum Interleukin-18 was measured us- ing Elabscience® kits. In a case-control study, 36 healthy people and 22 LBP patients (13 men and 9 women) were compared (23 males and 13 females). Our research included 30 to 79-year-olds. All patients in this research were diagnosed by specialists based on their histo- ries and clinical features. A patient’s file includes ages, genders, fam- ily history, ailments (such as diabetes and hypertension), medicines, weight, height, and BMI (BMI). Participants with COVID-19, autoim- mune disorders, diabetes mellitus, acute or chronic liver disease, renal disease, thyroid function abnormalities, or kidney disease were elim- inated.
Results: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) was substantially greater in patients with LBP (250.87 ±29.72 pg/mL) than following injection and con- trol (157.94± 47.23), (132.40 ±22.58) pg/mL, respectively. Our inves- tigation found a very significant difference (p-value < 0.0001) in IL- 18 concentrations compared to L Also, mean values before and after injection were significantly different (p-value 0.0001). There is a sig- nificant difference in mean values before and after injection (p-value < 0.0001) and after injection and control (p = 0.0012).
Conclusion: Epidural steroid treatment positively impacts LBP patients by decreasing IL-18 levels, which could be played an essential role in repairing damaged tissues.
Microbiology
Madeha H. Hossain; Shahbaa M. Al-khazraji; Ali S. Hassoon
Abstract
The study was done to look into the antibacterial activity of equeous and methalonic extracts of the Rosmarinus officinalis leaves on the growth repression of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro. The disc diffusion method was employed to determine the sus- ceptibility of the bacteria ...
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The study was done to look into the antibacterial activity of equeous and methalonic extracts of the Rosmarinus officinalis leaves on the growth repression of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro. The disc diffusion method was employed to determine the sus- ceptibility of the bacteria tested to the two rosemary extracts. In order to compare the activity of two extracts, gentamicin (300 mg/ml) was used as a positive control. The results demonstrated that the two ex- tracts exhibit antibacterial efficacy in inhibiting the development of tested microorganisms. In examined bacteria, the methalonic extract inhibited growth more than the equeous extract, and S. aureus was more susceptible to the action of the two extracts than E. coli. Some of the medically important oils in rosemary have been estimated (Ci- neole, Camphor, Linalool)%. The results showed that the alcoholic extract gave higher results than the aqueous extract
